Complete Summary and Solutions for Amines – NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part II, Chapter 10 – Classification, Preparation, Properties, and Uses
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 10 'Amines' from the NCERT Class XII Chemistry Part II textbook, covering the classification of amines, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and important applications, alongside solved examples and all NCERT exercises with answers.
Updated: 4 minutes ago
Biomolecules
Chapter 10: Chemistry - Ultimate Study Guide | NCERT Class 12 Notes, Questions, Derivations & Quiz 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Biomolecules Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
- Chapter Goal: Understand biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids; their structures, classifications, roles in life. Exam Focus: Carbohydrates classification, glucose/fructose structures, disaccharides/polysaccharides; 2025 Updates: Real-life apps (e.g., sugars in food, cellulose in plants). Fun Fact: Glucose most abundant organic compound. Core Idea: Non-living atoms form living systems. Real-World: Food, medicine. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., Table 10.1 types), examples (e.g., sucrose hydrolysis), debates (carbohydrate definition).
- Wider Scope: From chemical reactions in body to molecular logic; sources: Text, figures, tables.
- Expanded Content: Include reactions, diagrams; links (e.g., to organic chemistry); point-wise breakdown.
Introduction to Biomolecules
- Definition: Complex molecules in living systems: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids.
- Importance: Interact for life processes; vitamins/minerals role.
- Applications: Food constituents, harmonious reactions for life.
- Expanded: Evidence: Non-living atoms compose living; debates: Chemical basis of life; real: Sugars in diet.
10.1 Carbohydrates
- Definition: Polyhydroxy aldehydes/ketones or hydrolysis products.
- Classification: Mono (glucose), oligo (sucrose), poly (starch).
- Expanded: Evidence: General formula Cx(H2O)y; debates: Not all fit hydrates; real: Sucrose common sugar.
Conceptual Diagram: Carbohydrate Classification
Tree: Mono → Oligo (di/tri) → Poly; reducing/non-reducing branches.
Table 10.1: Different Types of Monosaccharides
- Key Values: Triose to heptose; aldo/keto.
- Trends: Carbon number basis.
- Applications: Classify sugars.
- Expanded: Evidence: Data; debates: Functional groups; real: Hexose common.
10.1.2 Monosaccharides
- Glucose: Preparation from sucrose/starch; structure evidences.
- Expanded: Evidence: Reactions (oxime, cyanohydrin); debates: Cyclic vs open; real: Dextrose.
Why This Guide Stands Out
Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, figures integrations, diagram descriptions; 2025 with links (e.g., glycosidic bonds), structures analyzed for depth.
Key Themes & Tips
- Aspects: Structures, classifications, roles, reactions.
- Tip: Memorize glucose evidences; draw cyclic structures; differentiate aldo/keto.
Project & Group Ideas
- Model glucose cyclic structure.
- Debate: Reducing sugars importance.
- Analyze food carbs.
Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "glycosidic linkage", "reducing sugars".
Biomolecules
Complex molecules in living systems. Ex: Carbs. Relevance: Life processes.
Carbohydrates
Polyhydroxy aldo/ketones. Ex: Glucose. Relevance: Energy source.
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars no hydrolysis. Ex: Fructose. Relevance: Building blocks.
Oligosaccharides
2-10 units. Ex: Sucrose. Relevance: Disaccharides common.
Polysaccharides
Many units. Ex: Starch. Relevance: Storage/structural.
Reducing Sugars
Free aldo/keto group. Ex: Glucose. Relevance: Fehling test.
Glycosidic Linkage
Oxide bond between sugars. Ex: C1-C4 maltose. Relevance: Joins units.
Anomers
Alpha/beta cyclic forms. Ex: Glucose. Relevance: Configuration at C1.
D/L Configuration
Relative to glyceraldehyde. Ex: D-glucose. Relevance: Stereoisomers.
Invert Sugar
Sucrose hydrolysis mixture. Ex: Glucose+fructose. Relevance: Rotation change.
Aldose
Aldehyde sugar. Ex: Glucose. Relevance: Reducing.
Ketose
Ketone sugar. Ex: Fructose. Relevance: Reducing.
Tip: Group by type (sugars/structures); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., carbohydrate definition). Errors: Confuse aldo/keto. Interlinks: To organic (Ch9). Advanced: Cyclic forms. Real-Life: Diet. Graphs: None major. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.
60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations
Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.
Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)
1. Define biomolecules.
Complex molecules in living systems.
2. Carbohydrates definition?
Polyhydroxy aldo/ketones.
3. Monosaccharide example?
Glucose.
4. Reducing sugar?
Free aldo/keto group.
5. Glucose formula?
C6H12O6.
6. Sucrose hydrolysis?
Glucose + fructose.
7. Starch components?
Amylose, amylopectin.
8. D/L notation?
Relative to glyceraldehyde.
9. Anomers?
Alpha/beta at C1.
10. Polysaccharide example?
Cellulose.
Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)
1. Explain carbohydrate classification.
- Mono: No hydrolysis.
- Oligo: 2-10 units.
- Poly: Many units.
- Reducing: Free group.
- Non-reducing: Bonded groups.
2. Glucose preparation.
- From sucrose + HCl.
- From starch + H2SO4.
- Equal glucose/fructose.
- 393K pressure.
- Commercial method.
3. Glucose structure evidences.
- C6H12O6 formula.
- HI → n-hexane chain.
- Oxime/cyanohydrin carbonyl.
- Br water aldo group.
- Acetylation 5 OH.
4. Cyclic glucose.
- Hemiacetal C5 OH + CHO.
- Alpha/beta anomers.
- Pyranose ring.
- Explains no Schiff.
- Haworth structure.
5. Fructose structure.
- C6H12O6 keto C2.
- Furanose ring.
- D-(-)-fructose.
- Anomers alpha/beta.
- Haworth forms.
6. Sucrose features.
- Glucose + fructose.
- C1 alpha-glucose C2 beta-fructose.
- Non-reducing.
- Invert sugar.
- Dextro to laevo.
7. Maltose.
- Two alpha-D-glucose.
- C1-C4 linkage.
- Reducing.
- Free aldo.
- Hydrolysis two glucose.
8. Lactose.
- Beta-D-galactose + beta-D-glucose.
- C1-C4 linkage.
- Milk sugar.
- Reducing.
- Free aldo glucose.
9. Starch.
- Amylose 15-20% linear.
- Amylopectin 80-85% branched.
- C1-C4 chain, C1-C6 branch.
- Plant storage.
- Alpha-D-glucose.
10. Cellulose.
- Beta-D-glucose linear.
- C1-C4 linkage.
- Plant cell wall.
- Non-sugar.
- Structural.
Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)
1. Discuss carbohydrates.
- Produced by plants.
- Cx(H2O)y formula.
- Optically active aldo/ketones.
- Sugars sweet.
- Sucrose common.
- Lactose milk.
- Saccharides Greek.
- Hydrolysis basis class.
2. Monosaccharides classification.
- Carbon number: triose-heptose.
- Aldose aldehyde.
- Ketose ketone.
- Table 10.1.
- Ex: Aldohexose glucose.
- Ketohexose fructose.
- Reducing all.
- 20 known nature.
3. Glucose structure.
- C6H12O6.
- Straight chain aldo.
- HI n-hexane.
- Oxime/CN carbonyl.
- Br gluconic aldo.
- Acetyl penta 5 OH.
- Nitric saccharic primary OH.
- Fischer D(+).
4. Cyclic structure glucose.
- No Schiff/HSO3.
- Pentaacetate no NH2OH.
- Alpha/beta forms.
- Hemiacetal C5.
- Pyranose six ring.
- Anomers C1.
- Haworth projection.
- Equilibrium open.
5. Fructose details.
- C6H12O6 keto C2.
- Straight chain.
- D-(-)-fructose.
- Furanose five ring.
- C5 OH + C=O.
- Anomers alpha/beta.
- Haworth structures.
- From sucrose.
6. Disaccharides.
- Glycosidic linkage.
- Non-reducing bonded groups.
- Sucrose non-reducing.
- Maltose reducing.
- Lactose reducing.
- Same/different units.
- Hydrolysis mono.
- Invert sugar sucrose.
7. Polysaccharides.
- Many mono units.
- Non-sugars.
- Starch storage plant.
- Cellulose structural plant.
- Glycogen animal starch.
- Glycosidic links.
- Branched/unbranched.
- Hydrolysis many mono.
8. Starch vs cellulose.
- Starch alpha glucose.
- Amylose linear C1-C4.
- Amylopectin branched C1-C6.
- Cellulose beta glucose.
- Linear C1-C4.
- Plant wall.
- Starch food storage.
- Both polysaccharides.
9. Importance carbohydrates.
- Energy source.
- Starch plant storage.
- Glycogen animal.
- Cellulose cell wall.
- Food major portion.
- Honey instant energy.
- Furniture from cellulose.
- Bacterial walls.
10. D/L configuration.
- Relative glyceraldehyde.
- D OH right lowest chiral.
- L OH left.
- No relation optical activity.
- Glucose D(+).
- Fructose D(-).
- Compare lowest asymmetric.
- CHO top structure.
Tip: Diagrams for structures; practice reactions. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on classifications, structures.
Theory Questions - 3 Marks & 6 Marks (NCERT Based)
10 questions of 3 marks (short theory, 4-5 lines), 10 of 6 marks (detailed, 7-8 lines). Answers in black text.
3 Marks Questions (10 Qs)
1. Define carbohydrates.
- Polyhydroxy aldo/ketones.
- Hydrolysis products.
- Optically active.
- Sugars sweet.
2. Classification basis.
- Hydrolysis units.
- Mono no.
- Oligo 2-10.
- Poly many.
3. Reducing sugars.
- Free aldo/keto.
- Fehling/Tollens.
- All mono.
- Some oligo.
4. Glucose prep.
- Sucrose + HCl.
- Starch + H2SO4.
- Pressure 393K.
- From fruits.
5. D/L meaning.
- Glyceraldehyde relative.
- D right OH.
- L left.
- Lowest chiral.
6. Anomers.
- C1 configuration.
- Alpha down OH.
- Beta up.
- Cyclic forms.
7. Glycosidic link.
- Oxide between sugars.
- Loss H2O.
- C1-C4 common.
- Disaccharides.
8. Invert sugar.
- Sucrose hydrolysis.
- Dextro to laevo.
- Fructose -92.4 > +52.5.
- Mixture.
9. Starch.
- Amylose soluble linear.
- Amylopectin insoluble branched.
- Alpha glucose.
- Storage.
10. Glycogen.
- Animal starch.
- Highly branched.
- Liver/muscles.
- Breaks to glucose.
6 Marks Questions (10 Qs)
1. Biomolecules intro.
- Living from non-living atoms.
- Carbs, proteins, nucleic, lipids.
- Food essentials.
- Interact molecular logic.
- Vitamins/minerals role.
- Structures/functions.
- Harmonious reactions life.
2. Carbohydrates class.
- Mono: Glucose, fructose.
- Oligo: Di sucrose, tri.
- Poly: Starch, cellulose.
- Reducing Fehling.
- Non-reducing sucrose.
- Aldo/keto mono.
- Carbon 3-7.
3. Glucose evidences.
- Formula C6H12O6.
- Chain HI hexane.
- Carbonyl oxime/CN.
- Aldo Br gluconic.
- 5 OH acetyl.
- Primary OH nitric saccharic.
- Fischer projection.
4. Cyclic glucose explain.
- No free CHO reactions.
- Alpha mp 419K, beta 423K.
- Hemiacetal C5-CHO.
- Six ring pyranose.
- Anomers C1 OH.
- Equilibrium open chain.
- Haworth structures.
5. Fructose structure.
- C6H12O6 keto C2.
- Chain similar glucose.
- D-(-) laevo.
- Furanose five ring.
- C5 OH + C2=O.
- Anomers differ C2.
- Haworth alpha/beta.
6. Sucrose disaccharide.
- Glucose + fructose.
- Glycosidic C1 alpha-G C2 beta-F.
- Non-reducing bonded groups.
- Hydrolysis invert.
- + to - rotation.
- Fructose stronger laevo.
- Common sugar.
7. Maltose/lactose compare.
- Maltose two alpha-glucose C1-C4.
- Lactose beta-galactose beta-glucose C1-C4.
- Both reducing free aldo.
- Maltose two glucose hydrolysis.
- Lactose galactose + glucose.
- Lactose milk.
- Structures Haworth.
8. Polysaccharides discuss.
- Starch alpha-glucose C1-C4/C6.
- Cellulose beta-glucose C1-C4 linear.
- Glycogen branched like amylopectin.
- Storage starch/glycogen.
- Structural cellulose.
- Non-sweet.
- Hydrolysis many glucose.
9. Carbs importance.
- Food major.
- Energy instant honey.
- Storage starch plants glycogen animals.
- Cell wall cellulose bacteria/plants.
- Furniture cellulose.
- Essential life.
- Ayurvedic use.
10. Glucose vs fructose.
- Both C6H12O6.
- Glucose aldo C1.
- Fructose keto C2.
- Glucose pyranose.
- Fructose furanose.
- D(+) glucose D(-) fructose.
- Both reducing.
Key Formulas - All Important Equations
List of all formulas from chapter; grouped, with units/explanations.
| Formula | Description | Units/Example |
|---|---|---|
| Cx(H2O)y | General carb | Glucose C6(H2O)6 |
| C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 | Sucrose hydrolysis | Invert sugar |
| (C6H10O5)n + nH2O → nC6H12O6 | Starch hydrolysis | Glucose |
| CHO-(CHOH)4-CH2OH | Glucose open | Aldohexose |
| CH2OH-CO-(CHOH)3-CH2OH | Fructose open | Ketohexose |
| C6H12O6 + 5(CH3CO)2O → Glucose pentaacetate | Acetylation | 5 OH |
| C6H12O6 + HNO3 → Saccharic acid | Oxidation | Dicarboxylic |
| C6H12O6 + Br2 → Gluconic acid | Mild oxidation | Aldo group |
Tip: Memorize with reactions; practice drawing structures.
Derivations - Detailed Guide
Key derivations with steps; from PDF (e.g., glucose structure, cyclic form).
Glucose Open Chain
- Step 1: Formula C6H12O6.
- Step 2: HI n-hexane chain.
- Step 3: Oxime/CN carbonyl.
- Step 4: Br aldo.
- Step 5: Acetyl 5 OH.
- Step 6: Nitric primary OH.
Depth: Fischer projection.
Cyclic Structure
- Step 1: No free CHO tests.
- Step 2: Alpha/beta forms.
- Step 3: Hemiacetal C5+CHO.
- Step 4: Six ring pyranose.
- Step 5: Anomers C1.
Depth: Haworth.
D/L Configuration
- Step 1: Glyceraldehyde standard.
- Step 2: Lowest chiral compare.
- Step 3: OH right D.
- Step 4: Structure CHO top.
Depth: Stereoisomers.
Tip: Step proofs; examples apply. Depth: Assumptions (reactions).
Solved Examples & Exercise Questions - From Text & Exercises
All solved from PDF (e.g., glucose evidences); exercise Qs similar solved.
Example: Glucose Structure Evidences
Simple Explanation: Reactions confirm.
- Step 1: Formula molecular.
- Step 2: Chain HI.
- Step 3: Carbonyl additions.
- Step 4: Aldo mild oxid.
- Simple Way: List reactions.
Example: Cyclic Form
Simple Explanation: Explains anomalies.
- Step 1: No CHO tests.
- Step 2: Two forms mp.
- Step 3: Hemiacetal ring.
- Step 4: Anomers.
- Simple Way: Draw rings.
Exercise Questions Solved (Sample)
Q: Why glucose cyclic?
Solution: To explain absence free CHO, two crystalline forms.
Q: Sucrose non-reducing
Solution: Both reducing groups bonded in linkage.
Tip: All chapter examples/exercises covered; structural steps where applicable.
Lab Activities - Step-by-Step Guide
From PDF (e.g., glucose prep); explain how to do.
Activity 1: Preparation of Glucose from Sucrose
Step-by-Step:
- Step 1: Boil sucrose with dilute HCl/alcohol.
- Step 2: Get glucose + fructose.
- Step 3: Separate if needed.
- Observation: Rotation change.
- Precaution: Handle acids.
Activity 2: Fehling Test for Reducing Sugars
Step-by-Step:
- Step 1: Add sugar to Fehling.
- Step 2: Heat, observe red ppt.
- Step 3: Positive reducing.
- Observation: Color change.
- Precaution: Goggles.
Note: PDF mentions preparations; general activities for tests.
Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration
Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls.
Carbohydrate Classification
Steps: 1. Hydrolysis units, 2. Reducing groups. Ex: Sucrose non. Pitfall: Forget non-sugars. Interlink: Structures. Depth: Table 10.1.
Glucose Structure
Steps: 1. Evidences list, 2. Fischer draw. Ex: Reactions. Pitfall: Open vs cyclic. Interlink: Fructose. Depth: D/L.
Glycosidic Linkage
Steps: 1. Loss H2O, 2. C1-C4/6. Ex: Maltose. Pitfall: Alpha/beta. Interlink: Poly. Depth: Branching.
Advanced: Anomer mutarotation. Pitfalls: Config mistakes. Interlinks: Organic reactions. Real: Digestion. Depth: 12 concepts. Examples: Drawings. Graphs: None. Errors: Structure draws. Tips: Practice projections.
Interactive Quiz - Master Biomolecules
10 MCQs; 80%+ goal. Covers carbs, structures, classifications.
Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics
Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics.
Classification
- Mono-Oligo-Poly ( "MOP" ).
Glucose Evidences
- Formula-Chain-Carbonyl-Aldo-OH ( "FCCAO" ).
Disaccharides
- Sucrose-Maltose-Lactose ( "SML" ).
Overall Mnemonic: "Carbs Structures Classifications Roles" (CSCR). Flashcards: One per. Easy: Bullets, bold.
Key Terms & Formulas - All Key
Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref.
| Term/Formula | Description | Example | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | Polyhydroxy aldo/keto | Glucose | Energy |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar | Fructose | Building |
| Disaccharide | Two units | Sucrose | Food |
| Polysaccharide | Many units | Starch | Storage |
| Reducing Sugar | Free group | Maltose | Test |
| Glycosidic | Link | C1-C4 | Bond |
| Anomer | C1 config | Alpha | Forms |
| D/L | Config | D-glucose | Stereo |
| Pyranose | Six ring | Glucose | Cyclic |
| Furanose | Five ring | Fructose | Cyclic |
Tip: Sort subtopic. Easy: Scan.
Key Processes & Diagrams - Step-by-Step
Expanded major; desc diags.
Process 1: Glucose Cyclic Formation
Step-by-Step:
- Step 1: Open chain CHO.
- Step 2: C5 OH adds.
- Step 3: Hemiacetal ring.
- Step 4: Alpha/beta C1.
- Step 5: Equilibrium.
- Diagram Desc: Open to ring arrows.
Process 2: Sucrose Hydrolysis
Step-by-Step:
- Step 1: Add acid/water.
- Step 2: Break glycosidic.
- Step 3: Glucose + fructose.
- Step 4: Rotation invert.
- Step 5: Mixture.
- Diagram Desc: Structure break.
Tip: Label diags; analogies (ring as cycle).
Group Discussions
No forum posts available.
Easily Share with Your Tribe
