GNDU B.Com (Bachelor of Commerce)

Chapter 4: Preparation of Final Accounts of a Sole ProprietorSemester 1 — summary, notes, extra questions & MCQ quiz

Summary

Final accounts are the statements prepared at the end of an accounting period to determine the profit or loss and the financial position of a sole proprietorship. They are built from the trial balance after passing the necessary adjusting entries. The first part is the Trading Account, which matches sales and closing stock against opening stock, purchases and direct expenses (such as wages, carriage inward and freight) to arrive at the gross profit or gross loss. The gross profit is carried down to the Profit & Loss Account, which then sets all indirect or operating expenses (rent, salaries, depreciation, interest, bad debts) against indirect incomes to compute the net profit or net loss for the period. The net profit is transferred to the owner's capital account. Finally, the Balance Sheet lists assets and liabilities on a particular date to show the firm's financial position; it is not an account but a statement, and its two sides must agree. Common adjustments include closing stock, outstanding and prepaid expenses, accrued and unearned income, depreciation, bad debts and provision for doubtful debts; each adjustment affects two places, preserving the dual aspect. Correctly prepared final accounts let the proprietor judge profitability, solvency and the adequacy of capital.

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